In 1988, a small manmade island off the Dutch coast was animated with an immersive and monumental outdoor contemporary art exhibition – fifty massive 2x3 meter screenprinted flags waving in the breeze. The project was envisioned by the Gran Pavese Foundation, led by Thérèse Legierse, Peter van Beveren, and Ralph van Hessen. The foundation took their name from the Italian nautical phrase gran pavese which refers to the “dressing overall” of a voyaging ship, wherein the vessel is elaborately strung with maritime signal flags for ceremonial or celebratory purposes. Fifty internationally recognized artists were invited to design their own interpretation of a flag, with no thematic concept to unite them all beyond the medium, size and freedom to apply their own imagery and methodology to the project.
The U.S. Navy patrol boat USS Isabel (PY-10) at Hankow, China, dressed overall in honor of the coronation of King George VI of England, May 14, 1937. Image: Naval History and Heritage Command, U.S. Navy Photo, NH 83530
While many artists chosen for the Gran Pavese project were already engaging with the varied iconography and ideology of flags in their practice, the notion of creating a flag itself offered a distinctive set of challenges and possibilities. Like a painting on canvas without a stretcher, the works would eventually embody a certain fluidity, not hanging stagnant on a gallery wall, but billowing freely in the air for all to see. Artists also needed to consider the histories and multifarious meanings endowed in the symbolism of flags such as existence, origin, distinction, authority, territory, loyalty, glory, belief, and identity, amongst other philosophical conceits. With their demonstrated grasps of the extensive significance of the flag form, each of the fifty artists rose to the occasion of the project to create flags that represented a global amalgamation of unique artistic visions, socio-political convictions, and conceptual frameworks – a staggering gran pavese for the contemporary era.
Due to both the individual creative success of each artist and the astounding experience of viewing the outdoor exhibition in its totality, the projectattracted crowds of visitors to the island of Neeltje Jans. Following the Netherlands installation, the project, in all its beauty and scale, travelled the world, gracing the river borders of Frankfurt, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing, the Great Wall of China, and beyond. The international tour of 50 monumental flags paid homage to the Gran Pavese Foundation’s seafaring namesake, their various visuals and symbolisms representing a grand celebration of the international art community.
By 1988, the German-born artist Hans Haacke was no stranger to manipulating the imagery of flags as a means for political commentary. Titled Apartheid, Haacke described his work as such: “The upper part of my flag is the flag of the African National Congress (ANC), the black organization fighting for the liberation of South Africa from apartheid. It has been outlawed by the current South African government. Many of its members and sympathizers are imprisoned. Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, has been incarcerated since 1962. Black represents the black nation, green the land, and gold the mineral resources of South Africa. The lower part of my flag, which is in a knot and cannot fly freely, has the colors of the flag of the Republic of South Africa. As long as it is used by the current apartheid regime, it represents racism in South Africa.”
1988 Monumental screenprint in colors, on polyester flag. 72 x 113 in. (182.9 x 287 cm) Signed and numbered 10/10 in black ink on the accompanying Certificate of Authenticity issued by the publisher (there were also 4 in Roman numerals), published by Gran Pavese Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.